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  • L1Zhou Yi source text
  • L2Ten Wings
  • L3Classical commentary
  • L4Written for this site
  • L6Later systems

What this hexagram saysL4

Mountain doubled — the only hexagram built from stillness on stillness. Gèn is to stop, and the lines read up the body: toes, calves, loins, trunk, jaw. The judgment stills the back, the one part of yourself you can neither see nor use, which is why stopping there means losing sight of the self altogether.

When it comes upThis comes up when the useful move is to stop, and stopping is harder than acting. It is not rest and not retreat — it is holding still in the middle of something. The Image sets the test exactly: think no further than your own position. Most of what is agitating you is business that was never yours.

This section is written for this site (L4), working from the source text, the Ten Wings and the classical commentaries on this page. It is not a translation of any of them.

JUDGMENT · L1

艮其背,不獲其身,行其庭,不見其人,无咎。

When one’s resting is like that of the back, and he loses all consciousness of self; when he walks in his courtyard, and does not see any (of the persons) in it,—there will be no error.

Legge’s romanization predates pinyin, so the same word may be spelled differently in the two systems (Kh’ien / Qián). Body text on this site uses pinyin throughout.

YiStep readingL4

Still the back and you no longer register yourself; walk through your own courtyard and you do not see the people in it. Both halves describe one thing from inside and from outside — attention that has stopped circling the self. That is why there is no error: nothing is being suppressed here, it has simply stopped being the centre.

Wang BiL3

目無患也。 所止在後,故不得其身也。 相背故也。 凡物對面而不相通,「否」之道也。艮者,止而不相交通之卦也。各止而不相與,何得無咎?唯不相見乃可也。施止於背,不隔物欲,得其所止也。背者,無見之物也。無見則自然靜止,靜止而無見,則「不獲其身」矣。「相背」者,雖近而不相見,故「行其庭,不見其人」也。夫施止不於無見,令物自然而止,而強止之,則奸邪並興,近而不相得則凶。其得「無咎」,「艮其背,不獲其身,行其庭,不見其人」故也。

Kong YingdaL3

正義曰:目者,能見之物,施止於面,則抑割所見,強隔其欲,是目見之所患。今施止於背,則「目無患也」。 「艮其背不獲其身」至「無咎」。○正義曰:「艮其背,不獲其身,行其庭,不見其人,無咎」者,「艮,止也」,靜止之義,此是象山之卦,其以「艮」為名。施之於人,則是止物之情,防其動欲,故謂之止。「艮其背」者,此明施止之所也。施止得所,則其道易成,施止不得其所,則其功難成,故《老子》曰:「不見可欲,使心不亂也。」「背者,無見之物也。」夫「無見則自然靜止」。夫欲防止之法,宜防其未兆。既兆而止,則傷物情,故施止於無見之所,則不隔物欲,得其所止也。若「施止於面」,則「對面而不相通」,強止其情,則「奸邪並興」,而有凶咎。止而無見,則所止在後,不與而相對。言有物對面而來,則情欲有私於己。既止在後,則是施止無見。所止無見,何見其身,故「不獲其身」。既「不獲其身」,則相背矣。相背者,雖近而不相見,故「行其庭,不見其人」。如此乃得「無咎」,故曰「艮其背,不獲其身,行其庭,不見其人,無咎」也。又若能止於未兆,則是治之於未萌,若對面不相交通,則是「否」之道也。但止其背,可得「無咎」也。

TUAN · Tuan commentary · L2

艮,止也。時止則止,時行則行,動靜不失其時,其道光明。艮其止,止其所也。上下敵應,不相與也。是以不獲其身,行其庭不見其人,无咎也。

Wang BiL3

正道不可常用,必施於不可以行。適於其時,道乃光明也。 易背曰止,以明背即止也。施止不可於面,施背乃可也。施止於止,不施止於行,得其所矣,故曰「艮其止,止其所」也。 各止其所,不侵官也。

Kong YingdaL3

「《彖》曰艮止也」至「其道光明」。○正義曰:「艮,止也」者,訓其名也。「時止則止,時行則行,動靜不失其時,其道光明」者,將釋施止有所光明,施止有時,凡物之動息,自各有時運。用止之法,不可為常,必須應時行止,然後其道乃得光明也。 正義曰:此釋施止之所也。「艮其止」者,疊《經》文「艮其背」也。「易背曰止,以明背」者,無見之物,即是可止之所也。既時止即宜止,時行則行,所以施止須是所。「艮」既訓止,今言「艮其止」,是止其所止也,故曰「艮其止,止其所」也。 正義曰:「上下敵應,不相與也」者,此就六爻皆不相應,釋艮卦之名,又釋「不獲其身」以下之義。凡應者,一陰一陽,二體不敵。今上下之位,雖復相當,而爻皆峙敵,不相交與,故曰「上下敵應,不相與」也。然八純之卦皆六爻不應,何獨於此言之者,謂此卦既止而不加交,又峙而不應,與「止」義相協,故兼此以明之也。是以「不獲其身,行其庭,不見其人,無咎也」者,此舉《經》文以結之,明相與而止之,則「無咎」也。 正義曰:「兼山艮」者,兩山義重,謂之「兼山」也,直置一山,巳能鎮止。今兩山重疊,止義彌大,故曰「兼山艮」也。「君子以思,不出其位」者,止之為義,各止其所。故君子於此之時,思慮所及,不出其已位也。

IMAGE · L2

兼山,艮;君子以思不出其位。

LINE 1 · 初六 · L1

艮其趾,无咎,利永貞。

The first line, divided, shows its subject keeping his toes at rest. There will be no error; but it will be advantageous for him to be persistently firm and correct.

Line commentary · L2艮其趾,未失正也。

YiStep readingL4

Stilling the toes — stopped before the first step is taken. This is the easiest place to stop and the only one where stopping costs nothing, since nothing has begun. But the line adds a caution the others do not need: keep at it. Stopping early is worth little if you cannot keep it up.

Wang BiL3

處止之初,行無所之,故止其趾,乃得「無咎」;至靜而定,故利永貞。

Kong YingdaL3

正義曰:「艮其趾,無咎」者,趾,足也,初處體下,故謂之足。居止之初,行無所適,止其足而不行,乃得無咎。故曰「艮其趾,無咎」也。「利永貞」者,靜止之初,不可以躁動,故利在「永貞」也。 正義曰:「未失正也」者,行則有咎,止則不失其正,釋所以「利永貞」。

LINE 2 · 六二 · L1

艮其腓,不拯其隨,其心不快。

The second line, divided, shows its subject keeping the calves of his legs at rest. He cannot help (the subject of the line above) whom he follows, and is dissatisfied in his mind.

Line commentary · L2不拯其隨,未退聽也。

YiStep readingL4

The calves cannot move on their own; they follow the thighs above. This line sees where the one above is going, cannot prevent it, and is left dissatisfied. It is the position of watching a mistake you have no standing to stop. The line names the frustration rather than resolving it.

Wang BiL3

隨謂趾也。止其腓,故其趾不拯也。腓體躁而處止,而不得拯其隨,又不能退聽安靜,故「其心不快」也。

Kong YingdaL3

正義曰:「艮其腓,不拯其隨」者,腓,腸也。在足之上。腓體或屈或伸,躁動之物,腓動則足隨之,故謂足為隨。拯,舉也,今既施止於腓,腓不得動,則足無拯舉,故曰「艮其腓,不拯其隨」也。「其心不快」者,腓是躁動之物,而強心之,貪進而不得動,則情與質乖也,故曰「其心不快」。此爻明施止不得其所也。 正義曰:「未退聽也」者,聽,從也,既不能拯動,又不能靜退聽從其見止之命,所以「其心不快」矣。

LINE 3 · 九三 · L1

艮其限,列其夤,厲薰心。

The third line, undivided, shows its subject keeping his loins at rest, and separating the ribs (from the body below). The situation is perilous, and the heart glows with suppressed excitement.

Line commentary · L2艮其限,危薰心也。

YiStep readingL4

Stilling at the waist, tearing the ribs from what is below. This is the harsh line: stillness enforced at the body’s hinge, splitting upper from lower. Force applied to stillness does not produce stillness, it produces a heart that smoulders. The danger is stopping the wrong thing, in the wrong place, by will.

Wang BiL3

限,身之中也。三當兩象之中,故曰「艮其限」。夤,當中脊之肉也。止加其身,中體而分,故「列其夤」而憂危薰心也。「艮」之為義,各止於其所,上下不相與,至中則列矣。列加其夤,危莫甚焉。危亡之憂,乃薰灼其心也。施止體中,其體分焉。體分兩主,大器喪矣。

Kong YingdaL3

「九三艮其限」至「厲薰心」。○正義曰:限,身之中,人帶之處,言三當兩象之中,故謂之限。施止於限,故曰「艮其限」也。夤,當中脊之肉也。薰,燒灼也。既止加其身之中,則上下不通之義也,是分列其夤。夤既分列,身將喪亡,故憂危之切,薰灼其心矣。然則君臣共治,大體若身,大體不通,則君臣不接,君臣不接,則上下離心,列夤則身亡,離心則國喪,故曰「列其夤,厲薰心」。○注「體分兩主,大器喪矣」。○正義曰:「體分兩主大器喪矣」者,大器謂國與身也。此爻亦明施止不得其所也。

LINE 4 · 六四 · L1

艮其身,无咎。

The fourth line, divided, shows its subject keeping his trunk at rest. There will be no error.

Line commentary · L2艮其身,止諸躬也。

YiStep readingL4

Stilling the trunk — the whole self, not a part. Nothing is held down against its will and nothing is torn; the line simply comes to rest in itself. There is no error, and also no praise. This is stillness that works, described as plainly as it can be.

Wang BiL3

中上稱身,履得其位,止求諸身,得其所處,故不陷於咎也。 自止其躬,不分全體。

Kong YingdaL3

「六四,艮其身,無咎」。○正義曰:「艮其身,無咎」者,「中上稱身」。六四居止之時,已入上體,履得其位,止求諸身,不陷於咎,故曰「艮其身,無咎」也。求,責也。諸,之也。 「《象》曰」至「止諸躬也」。○正義曰:「止諸躬也」者,躬猶身也,明能靜止其身,不為躁動也。○注「自止其躬不分全體」。○正義曰:艮卦總其兩體以為二身,兩體不分,乃謂之全,全乃謂之身。以九三居兩體之際,在於身中,未入上體,則是止於下體,不與上交,所以體分夤列。六四巳入上體,則非上下不接,故能總止其身不分全體。然則身是總名,而言「中上稱身」者何也?蓋至中則體分而身喪,入上體則不分而身全。九三施止於分體,故謂之「限」,六四施止於全體,故謂之「身」。非中上獨是其身,而中下非身也。

LINE 5 · 六五 · L1

艮其輔,言有序,悔亡。

The fifth line, divided, shows its subject keeping his jawbones at rest, so that his words are (all) orderly. Occasion for repentance will disappear.

Line commentary · L2艮其輔,以中正也。

YiStep readingL4

Stilling the jaw, so that the words come out in order. Of everything that can be stopped, speech is what most reveals whether the stillness is real. The line does not say be silent — it says the words fall into sequence. Regret disappears because nothing gets said that has to be taken back.

Wang BiL3

施止於輔,以處於中,故口無擇言,能亡其悔也。 能用中正,故「言有序」也。

Kong YingdaL3

正義曰:輔,頰車也,能止於輔頰也。以處其中,故「口無擇言」也。言有倫序,能亡其悔,故曰「艮其輔,言有序,悔亡」。 正義曰:「以中正」者,位雖不正,以居得其中,故不失其正,故「言有序」也。

LINE 6 · 上九 · L1

敦艮,吉。

The sixth line, undivided, shows its subject devotedly maintaining his restfulness. There will be good fortune.

Line commentary · L2敦艮之吉,以厚終也。

YiStep readingL4

Generous, thoroughgoing stillness at the very top. This is the one unambiguously fortunate line in the hexagram, and it earns that by thickness rather than by position — the Xiang says it ends in substance. Stillness held all the way to the end stops being a restraint and becomes a quality.

Wang BiL3

居止之極,極止者也。敦重在上,不陷非妄,宜其「吉」也。

Kong YingdaL3

正義曰:敦,厚也。上九居艮之極,極止者也。在上能用敦厚以自止,不陷非妄,宜其吉也,故曰「敦艮吉」也。 正義曰:「以厚終」者,言上九能以敦厚自終,所以獲「吉」也。

Chanzhen (Liu Yiming)L6

A later development, not part of the Zhou Yi itselfLiu Yiming (Qing dynasty) reads the Yi through Daoist inner-alchemy. It is a separate interpretive system, not on the same footing as the source text or the classical commentaries above.

上艮下艮(艮卦第五十二)==

艮者,止也。取象為山,卦體一陽止于二陰之上,陽尊陰卑,陽統陰而陰順陽,陽不為陰所傷,內止外止,止於內而又止於外,一止而內外貫之,故謂艮。此靜以養氣,擇善固執之卦,承上鼎卦而來。鼎者,巽進而生明,明出於巽,明而無處不通,無處有傷,烹煉大丹之功。然欲烹煉大丹,非擇善固執,止於其所者不能。止於其所,非空空無為,其道有行有止,行之止之,皆止於其所也。卦德內止者,止而止於其所也。外止者,行而止於其所也。止以養所止,行以驗所止,以此止而通彼止,以彼止而達此止,行止皆歸於一止。止而又止,如以此止背彼止,故謂艮其背。以止背止,是由止而行,行以驗止,行止相連,止而不入於空寂,行而不涉於放蕩,行即是止,止即是行,止固止,行亦止,內外一止,止於其所而不遷,是以不獲其身,行其庭,不見其人也。不獲其身者,無我也。行庭不見人者,無人也。凡人有人我之分,內外之別者,由於有心,有心則有我,有我則有人,有我有人,不知其所止矣。能艮其背,則人我之心俱化,無人我之心,則人心去而道心生,只有一理,以理行止。

靜則守正,以理而止,不由身而止,止其所,內不知有身也。動則行正,以理而行,不順人而行,止其所,外不知有人也。無我無人,既能止內,又能止外,動靜隨時,內外合道,行之止之,皆出無心,一理而已。更何有咎之不無乎?

學者能于艮其背上用功夫,止於其所,不動不搖,則得其一而萬事畢,何患金丹不結、大道不成乎?

初六,自卑自下,不敢妄動,如艮其趾也。止之於趾,非禮不履,初念已真,止而即能無咎。然柔者多無主宰,恐有止而不固之嫌,惟利於永貞,久於其道,方能始終而無一咎矣。此恒久守正之止也。

六二,柔而無剛,止之不固,稍進於上,如艮其腓也。腓不自行,隨足而行,止之於腓,由於無則明者以拯援,是以其心不快,不得不止耳。此柔而勉強之止也。

九三,剛而不柔,躁動無忌,如腰夤也。知進而不知退,必敗其剛,有限而止,如列其夤也。列夤之止,其厲在於熏心好勝,急欲成功耳。此剛而勉強之止也。

六四,柔而守正,雖動而不易其方,如艮其身也。能止於身,躬自厚而薄責於人,則遠怨矣,是以無咎。此柔而治己之止也。

六五,柔而得中,止於內,而又止於外,如艮其輔也。輔口開即動,止之於輔,口不妄開,必言不妄發。即或有言,是有序之言,或言而益于世道人心,或言而關乎身心性命,自不能行、引人於善,亦積功立德之事,本有悔而悔可亡。此柔而益人之止也。

上九,在重艮之上,既能內止,又能外止,內外一止,是謂敦艮。止而至敦,剛柔悉化,性定情忘,止於至善之地而不遷,無生無滅,如崇高大山,與天地同長久。此全始全終之止也。

然則,止於其所之道,必須有為無為,行止如一,陰陽混化,止於至善無惡之地,方為極功。若不到至善無惡之地,未雲全吉。修道者,可不知其所止之地乎?

The reading on this page is written for this site. Wang Bi, Kong Yingda and the later commentaries above are given in the original Chinese only — no English translation of them exists here yet.

Chinese source text via Wikisource; Wang Bi and Kong Yingda from the Zhouyi Zhengyi; Cheng Yi from a punctuated edition; Liu Yiming’s Chanzhen. All public domain. Translation: James Legge, The Yî King, SBE XVI, 1882. The punctuated Cheng Yi edition covers only 14 hexagrams; no public-domain punctuated text is available for the rest.