Heaven above, lake below — the widest gap in rank two trigrams can make. Lǚ means to tread, to step, and by extension the conduct that governs where you put your feet. The image is walking behind a tiger: you are close to something far more powerful than you, and what keeps you safe is not strength but how you carry yourself.
When it comes upThis comes up when you are dealing with someone who outranks you, or a situation that could turn on you. It does not tell you to retreat — the tiger does not bite, and you can go forward. It tells you that manner is the whole of the matter here: be exact, unassuming, and do not test how much you can get away with.
This section is written for this site (L4), working from the source text, the Ten Wings and the classical commentaries on this page. It is not a translation of any of them.
JUDGMENT · L1
履虎尾,不咥人,亨。
(Lî suggests the idea of) one treading on the tail of a tiger, which does not bite him. There will be progress and success.
Legge’s romanization predates pinyin, so the same word may be spelled differently in the two systems (Kh’ien / Qián). Body text on this site uses pinyin throughout.
YiStep readingL4
You tread on the tiger’s tail and it does not bite. That is the whole judgment: the danger is real, and it does not materialise. What disarms it is the lower trigram, Dui — pleasure, yielding — meeting strength with good humour instead of force. Success here is not a reward for boldness; it is what happens when a dangerous position is handled without being provoked.
The first line, undivided, shows its subject treading his accustomed path. If he go forward, there will be no error.
Line commentary · L2素履之往,獨行願也。
YiStep readingL4
The plain step. Su is unbleached silk — nothing added, nothing dyed. You are at the start, with no position and no reputation to defend, and that is exactly your protection. Go forward as you actually are; the error would be dressing the step up as something grander.
The second line, undivided, shows its subject treading the path that is level and easy;—a quiet and solitary man, to whom, if he be firm and correct, there will be good fortune.
Line commentary · L2幽人貞吉,中不自亂也。
YiStep readingL4
The road is level and easy, and you walk it alone. This is the quiet person who neither seeks company nor attracts notice. The Xiang says the centre does not throw itself into disorder — the ease is not luck, it is the absence of ambition generating friction. The good fortune depends on staying steady, not on the road staying level.
The third line, divided, shows a one-eyed man (who thinks he) can see; a lame man (who thinks he) can walk well; one who treads on the tail of a tiger and is bitten. (All this indicates) ill fortune. We have a (mere) bravo acting the part of a great ruler.
Line commentary · L2眇能視,不足以有明也。跛能履,不足以與行也。咥人之凶,位不當也。武人為于大君,志剛也。
YiStep readingL4
The one bad line here, and the only yielding line in the hexagram. A one-eyed man who thinks he sees, a lame man who thinks he walks: capacity mistaken for competence. This line sits in a strong place it cannot hold, treads on the tail in earnest, and is bitten. The warning is specific — acting the part of an authority you do not have.
The fourth line, undivided, shows its subject treading on the tail of a tiger. He becomes full of apprehensive caution, and in the end there will be good fortune.
Line commentary · L2愬愬終吉,志行也。
YiStep readingL4
The tiger’s tail again, but this time with dread. The whole difference from line 3 is the attitude: this line stands next to the ruling place and knows it, and the fear keeps it careful. Apprehension is not weakness here, it is what makes the ending good. Being frightened of a real danger is the correct response to it.
The fifth line, undivided, shows the resolute tread of its subject. Though he be firm and correct, there will be peril.
Line commentary · L2夬履貞厲,位正當也。
YiStep readingL4
The decisive tread. This line holds the ruling place with full strength and full correctness — and that is precisely the danger, because treading dislikes fullness. Nothing is wrong with the position; the peril comes from being right and knowing it. Firmness is warned here, not praised.
The sixth line, undivided, tells us to look at (the whole course) that is trodden, and examine the presage which that gives. If it be complete and without failure, there will be great good fortune.
Line commentary · L2元吉在上,大有慶也。
YiStep readingL4
Look back over the whole road walked, and read what it tells you. This is the only line that judges the path entire rather than the next step. The great good fortune is not promised for arriving — it is promised if the course, examined end to end, comes round complete.
A later development, not part of the Zhou Yi itselfLiu Yiming (Qing dynasty) reads the Yi through Daoist inner-alchemy. It is a separate interpretive system, not on the same footing as the source text or the classical commentaries above.
The reading on this page is written for this site. Wang Bi, Kong Yingda and the later commentaries above are given in the original Chinese only — no English translation of them exists here yet.
Chinese source text via Wikisource; Wang Bi and Kong Yingda from the Zhouyi Zhengyi; Cheng Yi from a punctuated edition; Liu Yiming’s Chanzhen. All public domain. Translation: James Legge, The Yî King, SBE XVI, 1882. The punctuated Cheng Yi edition covers only 14 hexagrams; no public-domain punctuated text is available for the rest.